INTRODUCTION
The majority of people today are ignorant concerning the Pharisees of the Renewed Covenant. Usually, they hear about them in a negative way, primarily associated with legalism. However, the Pharisees may also be viewed in another way. Our Messiah Yeshua endorsed them when he said in Matthew 23:1-2, “…The teachers of the Law and the Pharisees sit in Moses seat. So you must obey them and do everything they tell you. But do not do what they do, for they do not practice what they preach.” We believe that Yeshua was speaking as a Pharisee to other Pharisees. Many of the views that Yeshua taught concerning the Torah paralleled the school of Rabbi Hillel who was one of the prominent Pharisaic scholars living during Yeshua’s childhood. The Pharisees were obviously on the right track with their understanding/teaching of Scripture but some students were off track in its application to their lives. Could Yeshua not say the same thing about the majority of us today?
The Pharisees greatly impacted the lives of people of Israel after the Maccabean revolt (165 - 140 B.C.E1). Their teachings and understanding of the Torah (Law) continue impacting our understanding today. This sect laid the foundation for modern-day Judaism. Other sects, such as the Sadducees, Zealots, and Essenes, ceased to exist after the first Jewish revolt (70 C.E.).
Since many of the first century followers of Yeshua were Pharisees, including the famous Rav Sh’ul (Rabbi Paul), we need to understand what this Pharisaic sect was about. Hopefully, through a look at Scripture and through scholarly sources quoted below, we will gain this understanding.
Please keep in mind that when the word “Pharisee” is used in the Renewed Covenant,” it CANNOT be applied globally to all Pharisees. Unfortunately, the Renewed Covenant does not differentiate between the two main schools of Pharisees, Beit (School of) Hillel and Beit Shammai. These two Pharisaic schools formed the main sects of Pharisees before and during Yeshua’s time. One of these Pharisaic schools, School of Shammai, was known for its rigid and sometimes legalistic interpretation of the Torah and Oral Torah. The School of Hillel was known for its “human” and “merciful” approach to interpreting Scripture. We believe that the majority, or maybe all, of Yeshua’s “negative” encounters were with the School of Shammai or those from both schools who were hypocrites and did not exemplify what their own schools taught. A common teaching in the first century, grouped the Pharisees into seven different types. Five of the seven were viewed as hypocritical; leaving two types as true examples to follow.
The most renowned Pharisee that Messianic believers acknowledge today is Rav Sh’ul, Rabbi Paul. Paul was raised as a Pharisee and remained one until the day he died. We know that he was from the School of Hillel because he was taught by Hillel’s grandson, Gamaliel (Acts 22:3). In Acts 23:6, Rabbi Paul uses the present tense when he states: “I a Pharisee” (Interlinear Greek-English New Testament, J.P. Green Sr.) He also states in Philippians 3:5 speaking of himself: “according to the Law, a Pharisee;”
WHAT IS A PHARISEE?
§ The word Pharisee is believed to be derived form the Hebrew word perushim meaning “separated ones.”
§ It may have come from parosim meaning ‘specifier’ since they sought to specify the correct meaning of God’s law to the people.
§ Soferim, a word related to books and reading, Sofar is also translated scribe.
§ They primarily came from middle-class families.
§ They were zealous for the Torah (Law).
§ They had a tremendous influence with the common people through synagogue education.
§ They considered themselves traditional followers of Ezra.
WHAT WERE THEIR PRIMARY TEACHINGS?
§ Accepted the Torah as inspired and authoritative
§ Believed in the free will of man but that it was impossible for either free will or the sovereignty of God to cancel out each other
§ Taught a developed hierarchy of angels and demons
§ Believed in resurrection of the dead
§ Believed in reward and retribution for righteousness after death
§ Strong supporters of human equality
§ Taught ethical principles as well as theological
HISTORY OF THE PHARISEES
V. Q. Garcia author of What You never Knew About the Pharisees, states that “the word Pharisee means “pure”, “washed” or “separated”, and was an apt term for this group of religious men who were known for establishing many ritual baptisms and ablutions in connection with their religious rites and symbolism. In the time of Jesus there were several thousand Pharisees in Israel led by two main schools of philosophy...”
British historian Paul Johnson in A History of the Jews, states, “In their battle against Greek education, pious Jews began from the end of the second century B.C. to develop a national system of education. To the old scribal schools were gradually added a network of local schools where in theory at least all Jewish boys were taught the Torah. This development was of great importance in the spread and consolidation of the synagogue, in the birth of Pharisaism as a movement rooted in popular education and eventually in the rise of the rabbinate.”
Bryan Huie wrote in Who were the Pharisees and Sadducees?, “Synagogues first came into being after the Jews returned from Babylonian exile. They were meant to be “houses of prayer” and a place for instruction in the Torah. At first the teachers were the Priests and Levites. But after hellenization of the priesthood, the scribes, who were lay teachers of the Law, eventually supplanted the priests in the synagogues. The model for the scribes was Ezra, a soper or one learned in Hebrew Scriptures. They were also referred to as Lawyers and teachers of the law... Although not all Pharisees were scribes, the majority of scribes were Pharisees. The Pharisees were solidly devoted to the daily application and observance of the Mosaic law and the ‘oral law’ known as the Oral Torah.”
Elias Bickerman author of The Maccabees, writes, “The Pharisees...wished to embrace the whole people, and in particular through education. It was their desire and intention that everyone in Israel achieve holiness through the study of the Torah...”
THE TWO MAIN SCHOOLS OF THE PHARISEES
Dr. Louis Goldberg states that, “There are seven ‘wings’ in the Pharisees' ‘house,’ ranging from legalists (those who wore their good deeds before others) to mystics (those who looked inwardly for higher levels of spiritual perfection). Many others took middle positions. In Yeshua's day, the two prominent groups of Pharisees were the house of Shammai (the legalistic point of view), and the house of Hillel (the mediating view).”
In the Dead Sea Scrolls Prove Pharisees Controlled Temple Ritual by John Keyser, he states, “As a result of the harsh portrayal in the New Testament of these teachers of Jewish law, the very name Pharisee has become synonymous with hypocrisy and self-righteousness...(modern scholars)...have failed to realize that the Pharisaic religion was divided into TWO SEPARATE SCHOOLS - the school of Shammai and the school of Hillel. The group that Christ continually took to task in the New Testament was apparently the school of Shammai - a faction that was very rigid and unforgiving in their outlook.”
V. Q. Garcia in What You never Knew About the Pharisees, reinforces the common view of the school of Shammai: “The School of Shammai. The closest example to illustrate the philosophies of this school would be to imagine an Aryan White supremacist church. The school of Shammai was very similar, believing, among other things, that the Jews were the master race and that all other peoples were of no value. Salvation, in their opinion, was only available to Jews, and they wouldn’t even allow a Gentile to convert to Judaism. Pharisees from the school of Shammai hated all non-Jews and had little regard even for Jews who didn’t follow them. So passionate was the hatred of these Pharisees for Gentiles that around 8 AD Shammai passed 18 edicts specifically meant to force separation between Jews and non-Jews. Among these was a prohibition of entering the house of a Gentile lest a Jew thereby become defiled and even eating with a Gentile was forbidden. Because of Shammai’s influence, these edicts became laws of Israel....It’s critical for you to note that virtually every time you see Jesus or the Apostles in strife against what the of the Bible label as “Pharisees” or “Judaisers” it is referring specifically to Pharisees or ex-Pharisees from the School of Shammai. Even before he became a Christian, Paul would have had many differences with his fellow Pharisees from this school which would be the dominant influence in Judaism until the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD.”
V. Q. Garcia states that: “The School of Hillel was much more liberal, and its founder was renowned for placing people and mercy at the heart of Judaism whereas Shammai stressed strict observation of religious laws. While Hillel’s followers acknowledged that the Jews were God’s special people, they accepted Gentile converts to Judaism. When you read in the New Testament about “Hellenists” or about Jews with Greek names, this was the school whose rabbis would have accepted these Gentiles into the Jewish faith. Soon after the time when Jesus, at age 12, was in the Temple astonishing the priests with his wisdom, Hillel died and was eventually succeeded by his grandson Gamaliel, who was Paul’s tutor. Hillel may even have been one of the rabbis Jesus was interacting with in the Temple! Modern-day Judaism traces its roots to the teachings promoted by the followers of Hillel who survived the destruction of Jerusalem and began codifying their teachings around 200 AD. So wise was Hillel that even two sayings we commonly attribute to Jesus were supposedly coined by Hillel before his death and were being quoted by Jesus in the Gospels. These were the Golden Rule (“Do unto others...”) and the summary of the Law and the Prophets (“Love God with all your heart, and love your neighbor as yourself”). Whenever you see Jesus interacting positively* with the Pharisees (for instance with Nicodemus or the rich young ruler), he is probably interacting with Pharisees from the school of Hillel. In fact the teachings of Jesus are so close to those taught by the school of Hillel that some Jews have speculated that Jesus was a Pharisee from this school...A good example of the differences between Hillel and Shammai can be seen in the story of the man healed at the pool of Bethesda. While carrying his mat home, the man is accosted by some “Pharisees” who rebuke him for carrying the mat on the Sabbath. We can absolutely know these are Pharisees from the school of Shammai by the fact that the school of Shammai specifically had a rule that a man healed on the Sabbath could not carry his mat without breaking the Sabbath laws. The school of Hillel had an opposite rule that a man healed on the Sabbath could carry his mat home. Another perfect example of the struggle over Jesus between both schools is seen in John 9:16. Therefore said some of the Pharisees (from the school of Shammai) This man is not of God, because he keepeth not the Sabbath day. Others (from the school of Hillel) said, How can a man that is a sinner do such miracles? And there was a division among them. On the one hand, you can see the school of Shammai rejecting Jesus outright while Pharisees from the school of Hillel aren’t sure. This also helps illustrate again the philosophical differences between the two schools. Shammai would teach that healing on the Sabbath is work, and thus a sin, while Hillel would hold that healing is a good deed and thus permissible on the Sabbath.”
In the TALMUD: World – Weary. “For two and a half years the rival Talmudic schools of Shammai and of Hillel debated the question but they could not resolve it. The adherents of Shammai argued that it would have been far better for man had he never been created. The followers of Hillel maintained that it was good that man had been created. Finally, both schools concluded their controversy on a compromise: that it would have been far better for man had he never been created, but, since he is already here on earth, it is his obligation to make the best of it and live uprightly.”
By Richard and Betsy Bailey
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